大法官解釋 釋字第775號 |
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公佈日期:2019/2/22 |
解釋爭點 |
一、刑法第47條第1項有關累犯加重本刑部分,是否違反憲法一行為不二罰原則?又其一律加重本刑,是否違反憲法罪刑相當原則? 二、刑法第48條前段及刑事訴訟法第477條第1項有關累犯更定其刑部分,是否違反憲法一事不再理原則? |
[4] 參見德國刑法第176a條1項:「(1) Der sexuelle Missbrauch von Kindern wird in den Fällen des § 176 Abs. 1 und 2 mit Freiheitsstrafe nicht unter einem Jahr bestraft, wenn der Täter innerhalb der letzten fünf Jahre wegen einer solchen Straftat rechtskräftig verurteilt worden ist.」(見 https://dejure.org/gesetze/StGB/176a.html ,最後瀏覽日2019/02/22)。 其英譯:「(1) The sexual abuse of children under section 176(1) and (2) shall entail a sentence of imprisonment of not less than one year if the offender was convicted of such an offence by final judgment within the previous five years.」(見 https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_stgb/englisch_stgb.html#p0233 ,最後瀏覽日2019/02/22)。 [5] 參見日本刑法第57條:「再犯の刑は、その罪について定めた懲役の長期の二倍以下とする。」(The maximum term of punishment for a second conviction shall be twice the maximum term of imprisonment with work prescribed in relation to such crime.)(連同英譯,見 http://www.cas.go.jp/jp/seisaku/hourei/data/PC_2.pdf ,最後瀏覽日2019/02/22)。 [6] 同前註[4]。 [7] 美國聯邦最高法院一向認為量刑不適用Double Jeopardy Clause(“Historically, we have found double jeopardy protections inapplicable to sentencing proceedings … because the determinations at issue do not place a defendant in jeopardy for an offense. … Nor have sentence enhancements been construed as additional punishment for the previous offense; rather, they act to increase a sentence because of the manner in which the defendant committed the crime of conviction. … An enhanced sentence imposed on a persistent offender thus is not to be viewed as either a new jeopardy or additional penalty for the earlier crimes but as a stiffened penalty for the latest crime, which is considered to be an aggravated offense because a repetitive one.” Monge v. California, 524 U.S. 721, 728, 118 S. Ct. 2246, 141 L. Ed. 2d 615 (1998))。學界之不同見解,參見Carissa Byrne Hessick & F. Andrew Hessick, Double Jeopardy as a Limit on Punishment, 97 CORNELL L. REV. 45 (2011). 至於Johnson v. United States, 576 U.S. ___ (2015) 則係以違反「法律明確性」與「正當法律程序」(unconstitutionally vague and in violation of due process)為由,宣告the Armed Career Criminal Act 中之residual clause違憲。 [8] 參見刑事訴訟法第422條(為受判決人之不利益聲請再審之理由): 「有罪、無罪、免訴或不受理之判決確定後,有左列情形之一者,為受判決 人之不利益,得聲請再審: 一、有第四百二十條第一款、第二款、第四款或第五款之情形者。 二、受無罪或輕於相當之刑之判決,而於訴訟上或訴訟外自白,或發見確實之新證據,足認其有應受有罪或重刑判決之犯罪事實者。 三、受免訴或不受理之判決,而於訴訟上或訴訟外自述,或發見確實之新證據,足認其並無免訴或不受理之原因者。」 |
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