大法官解釋 釋字第708號 |
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| 公佈日期： |
| 解釋爭點 |
| 外國人受驅逐前由移民署為暫時收容，未有即時司法救濟；又逾越暫時收容期間之收容，非由法院審查決定，均違憲？ |
| 三、入出國及移民法第三十八條第二項部分 （一）如前所引九十六年十二月二十六日修正公布之入出國及移民法第三十八條第二項規定：「前項收容以六十日為限；必要時，入出國及移民署得延長至遣送出國為止。」而現行之入出國及移民法第三十八條第二項則規定：「前項收容以六十日為限，收容期間屆滿，入出國及移民署在事實上認有繼續收容之必要，得延長收容六十日，以一次為限。但受收容人所持護照或旅行文件遺失或失效，尚未能換發、補發或延期者，得延長收容至有效證件備齊後三十日止。」新舊規定對於第一次六十日之收容、舊法之下之必要時之未定期限之延長收容、新法之下第二次之六十日收容、新法之下後續未定期限之延長收容，均未要求須由法院審查決定；明顯違反前揭憲法規範及國際人權標準。其「未定期限」之延長收容部分，效果上幾乎等於無期徒刑或「不定期徒刑」；亦顯有違憲法第二十三條所嚴格要求之必要要件。多數意見不願藉此機會為實質解釋，以較全面方式檢視收容體制違憲之處，殊為可惜。 （二）本席於本院釋字第七Ｏ七號解釋所提出之協同意見書曾表示，由於我國憲法解釋係採抽象法規違憲審查之制度，基於該制度之性質，本應容許本院擴大聲請人所主張之違憲範圍，而審查與經聲請之標的相關聯之部分。以往本院解釋於擴大解釋對象時，係以「關聯性」及「必要性」為基準。如本院釋字第四四五號解釋即謂：「大法官依此規定（按即：司法院大法官審理案件法第五條第一項第二款規定）所為解釋，固以該確定終局裁判所適用之法律或命令為標的，就人民、法人或政黨於其憲法上所保障之權利有無遭受不法侵害為審理對象。惟人民聲請憲法解釋之制度，除為保障當事人之基本權利外，亦有闡明憲法真義以維護憲政秩序之目的，故其解釋範圍自得及於該具體事件相關聯且必要之法條內容有無牴觸憲法情事而為審理。」本院釋字第七Ｏ七號解釋甚至不以關聯性及必要性作為擴大解釋範圍之標準，而由當事人聲請解釋對象之該案系爭辦法第二條之「附表」，擴大解釋對象至包括系爭辦法本身；且不以「關聯性」及「必要性」為擴大解釋對象之基準（見釋字第七Ｏ七號解釋理由書第三段）。 （三）本件情形，入出國及移民法第三十八條第二項雖未為法院所直接適用，然延長收容為整體收容外國人制度之極為關鍵之一環；且此條項確有過度剝奪外國人人身自由之重大疑慮，本院為闡明憲法真義以維護憲政秩序之目的，實應將解釋範圍及於該條項之規定，就其內容為有無牴觸憲法情事而為審理。 【註腳】 [1]ICCPR Article 9: “1. Everyone has the right to liberty and security of person. No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest or detention. No one shall be deprived of his liberty except on such grounds and in accordance with such procedure as are established by law.” “2. Anyone who is arrested shall be informed, at the time of arrest, of the reasons for his arrest and shall be promptly informed of any charges against him.” “3. Anyone arrested or detained on a criminal charge shall be brought promptly before a judge or other officer authorized by law to exercise judicial power and shall be entitled to trial within a reasonable time or to release. It shall not be the general rule that persons awaiting trial shall be detained in custody, but release may be subject to guarantees to appear for trial, at any other stage of the judicial proceedings, and, should occasion arise, for execution of the judgment.” “4. Anyone who is deprived of his liberty by arrest or detention shall be entitled to take proceedings before a court, in order that that court may decide without delay on the lawfulness of his detention and order his release if the detention is not lawful.” [2]ICCPR Article 2, paragraph 1: “Each State Party to the present Covenant undertakes to respect and to ensure to all individuals within its territory and subject to its jurisdiction the rights recognized in the present Covenant, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.” |
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