大法官解釋 釋字第709號 |
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| 公佈日期： |
| 解釋爭點 |
| 都市更新條例關於都市更新事業概要及計畫之審核程序規定，違憲？ |
| （五）聯合國經濟、社會與文化權利委員會針對ICESCR第十一條第一項所規定適足生活條件之權中之「適足居住權」所公布之第七號一般意見（General Comment 7）進一步闡釋涉及強制驅離家園之人權保障，重點如下： 1.所有人均應擁有一定程度的安全保障，以確保免遭強迫驅離、騷擾及其他威脅（all persons should possess a degree of security of tenure which guarantees legal protection against forced eviction, harassment and other threats）。 2.強迫驅離家園之行為，已經表面構成違反ICESCR之規定（ forced evictions are prima facie incompatible with the requirements of the Covenant），且為嚴重之問題（見該一般意見第1段與第2段）。 3.強迫驅離家園之情形不僅發生於武裝衝突（international armed conflicts）、大批流亡或難民移動（mass exoduses and refugee movements）、國內動亂或種族衝突（internal strife and communal or ethnic violence）等情形（見該一般意見第5段至第6段），亦包括土地爭端、開發及基礎建設（conflict over land rights, development and infrastructure projects）等「發展」作為理由之驅離（見該一般意見第7段）。 4.國家針對強制驅離家園所應通過之立法保護措施，應包括下列要素：「(a)對房屋與土地的居住者提供儘可能擴大的使用保障；(b)符合公約的規定；以及(c)嚴格規定執行驅離家園的條件」（見該一般意見第9段）（Such legislation should include measures which (a) provide the greatest possible security of tenure to occupiers of houses and land, (b) conform to the Covenant and (c) are designed to control strictly the circumstances under which evictions may be carried out）。 5.適當的法律程序上保護與正當的法律程序為所有人權所不可或缺的要素；在強迫驅離問題上尤為重要；因為其涉及兩個國際人權公約所承認的一系列權利。故對強迫驅離所適用的法律程序保護，應包括：(a)使受影響者享有真正磋商之機會；(b)在預定驅離日期前，使受影響者享有充分、合理之通知；(c)使所有受影響之人均有合理的時間預先得到關於擬議的遷移行動，以及在適當時，關於所遷出之房屋及土地嗣後新用途的相關訊息；(d)於涉及大批居民遭驅離之情形，在遷移時必須有政府官員或其代表在場；(e)負責執行遷移行動者必須表明其身分；(f)除非得到受影響者同意，否則遷移行動不得在惡劣氣候或夜間進行；(g)應提供法律救濟機會；(h)儘可能對有需要者提供法律上協助（見該一般意見第15段： Appropriate procedural protection and due process are essential aspects of all human rights but are especially pertinent in relation to a matter such as forced evictions which directly invokes a large number of the rights recognized in both the International Covenants on Human Rights. The Committee considers that the procedural protections which should be applied in relation to forced evictions include: (a) an opportunity for genuine consultation with those affected; (b) adequate and reasonable notice for all affected persons prior to the scheduled date of eviction; (c) information on the proposed evictions, and, where applicable, on the alternative purpose for which the land or housing is to be used, to be made available in reasonable time to all those affected; (d) especially where groups of people are involved, government officials or their representatives to be present during an eviction; (e) all persons carrying out the eviction to be properly identified; (f) evictions not to take place in particularly bad weather or at night unless the affected persons consent otherwise; (g) provision of legal remedies; and (h) provision, where possible, of legal aid to persons who are in need of it to seek redress from the courts.） |
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