大法官解釋 釋字第731號 |
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公佈日期:20150731 |
解釋爭點 |
系爭規定關於欲申請發給抵價地「應於徵收公告期間內」提出申請部分,於徵收處分公告日之後,始送達徵收處分之書面通知者,仍以徵收公告日計算申請期間,違憲? |
[6]'"[D]ue process," unlike some legal rules, is not a technical conception with a fixed content unrelated to time, place and circumstances …. Representing a profound attitude of fairness between man and man, and more particularly between the individual and government, "due process" is compounded of history, reason, and past course of decisions, and stout confidence in the strength of the democratic faith which we profess. Due process is not a mechanical instrument. It is not a yardstick. It is a process. It is a delicate process of adjustment inescapably involving the exercise of judgment by those whom the Constitution entrusted with the unfolding of the process.' Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee v. McGarth, 341 U.S. 123, 162-63(1951)(Frankfurter, J., concurring). [7]See Ridge v. Baldwin, 2 All E.R. 66, at 114(1963); Byrene v. Kinematograph Renters Society, 2 All E.R. 579, at 599(1958). [8]Kanda v. Government of Malaya, A.C. 322, at 337(1962). [9]法國中央行政法院在 Trompier Gravier 一案宣示,行政機關於剝奪既存權利之決定前,應予當事人適當之防禦機會,是為「防禦權」(droits de la defense)。參見湯德宗,〈第十六章行政程序法〉,輯於翁岳生編《行政法二OOO(下冊)》,頁787以下(頁 810~811)(台北:翰蘆,2000年3月二版),頁917~919。 [10]查釋字第六六三號解釋之理由書已使用「憲法所要求之正當行政程序」一詞。 [11]參見湯德宗,〈論憲法上的正當程序保障〉,收於氏著,《行政程序法論-論正當行政程序》,頁167以下(增訂二版,2003)。 大法官所釋示之「憲法所要求之正當行程序」,乃屬憲法解釋,其效力自應高於法律(尤其行政程序法)之規定。參見釋字第四九一號解釋吳庚大法官協同意見書:「行政程序法⋯⋯之除外條款⋯⋯內容並非妥適⋯⋯其第三項第七款所稱:『對公務員所為之人事行政行為』顯係囿於舊日『特別權力關係』之說法,欲將行政程序侷限於所謂『一般權力關係』之事項,殊不知人事行政行為之無行政程序法之適用者,充其量僅能限於未限制或剝奪公務員服公職之基本權事項,例如職位陞遷、調動、任務指派等而已。目前行政程序法尚未施行,各級機關切勿以民國九十年一月一日該法實施後,依新法推翻舊解釋之理,排除本解釋之適用,因為本解釋乃憲法位階之釋示,任何法律不得與之對抗也。再者,有關機關未來研擬修改公務人員考績法規之際允宜以前瞻之思維,對記過以上之懲處均踐行正當法律程序,不必僅限於免職處分,蓋本解釋未及於免職以外之懲處處分者係針對聲請標的而為之故」。 [12]上述「應聽取關係人意見」(聽證權)之釋示,較行政程序法第一百零二條全面給予將受不利處分之相對人以書面答辯(陳述意見)之機會,猶早兩年。 |
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